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第二章 内省反而会加剧压力(第2页,共2页)

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当然,此类威胁包括身体上的危险,也包括一系列更常见的体验。例如我们遇到的不确定能否自行处理的情况:舍弃一份工作或者开始一份新工作,与朋友或家人起冲突,搬到一个新城市,面临健康上的挑战,为所爱之人的离世感到悲痛,离婚,住在不安全的社区,等等。这些都是能够引发威胁反应(类似于我们遭遇直接的身体危险时所做出的反应)的不利环境。我们大脑中的威胁“绊线”被激活时,身体会迅速调动各系统保护我们,很像一个国家动员其军队全面出击以抵御敌人的入侵。

最开始,激活会立即在下丘脑中发生,它是大脑中的一个圆锥形区域。当下丘脑从大脑的其他部位接收存在威胁的信号时,它就会触发一系列的化学反应,将肾上腺素释放到你的血液中。肾上腺素会使你的心跳加快、血压升高、精力充沛,感觉也更加敏锐。片刻之后,其释放的压力激素皮质醇会使你的“发动机”保持运转且维持其能量水平。在这一切发生的同时,化学信使也在抑制体内那些对于应对紧急威胁的能力来说无关紧要的系统,比如消化系统和生殖系统。如果你曾注意到处于危机中的时候,你的食欲或者性欲消失了,那就是这些化学信使在起作用。这些变化只有一个目标:提升你快速应对压力源的能力,不管此刻你是在积极地面对那些压力源(就像看到窃贼闯进了你家)还是仅仅在脑海中进行想象。

是的,我们可以仅仅通过思考就产生一种慢性的生理应激反应。当脑海中的声音助长了那种压力时,它就会对我们的健康造成毁灭性的伤害。

无数的研究已经将长期激活压力的反应系统与各种疾病联系了起来,包括心血管疾病、睡眠障碍,以及各种癌症。这就解释了诸如长期感到被孤立和孤独的压力体验,是怎样对我们的健康产生巨大影响的。事实上,没有强大的社交支持网络是导致死亡的一个风险因素,其程度相当于每天吸超过15支烟,比酗酒、不运动、肥胖或者生活在高度污染的城市中的风险更大。

长期持有的负面想法也会导致精神疾病,尽管这不是说喋喋不休和临床抑郁症、焦虑或创伤后应激障碍是一回事。重复出现的负面思想并不等同于这些情况,但这是它们的共同特征。事实上,科学家认为重复出现的负面思想是许多疾病的跨诊断风险因素,这意味着喋喋不休的思维杂念是多种精神疾病的基础诱因。

但最可怕的是,喋喋不休会加剧压力。当我们的恐慌反应时间延长时,它造成的缓慢的生理侵蚀伤害的不仅仅是我们抵抗疾病和保持身体各系统平稳运行的能力,它还可以改变基因影响我们健康的方式。

我念大学的时候学过一个简单的公式:基因+环境=我们。教授们在一堂又一堂课上告诉我,在塑造人类生活的问题上,基因和环境造成的影响并没有融合。后天培养是一回事,先天遗传是另一回事。这是长期以来的传统观点,但突然间这个观点站不住脚了。令许多科学家惊讶的是,新的研究表明该等式与事实相去甚远。仅仅因为拥有某种类型的基因并不意味着它会真正影响你。决定我们是谁的其实是那些显性和隐性的基因。

有一种方式可以让我们好好思考这个问题,那就是把基因想象成一架埋在细胞深处的钢琴。琴键是基因,你可以用不同的弹奏方式来按下它们。有些琴键永远不会被按下,另一些则会以稳定的组合方式被频繁地击打。我和你、你和世界上其他人的部分区别就在于按键的方式。这就是基因的表达。在形成你身体和大脑的工作方式时,细胞内的基因独奏会起作用。

事实证明,脑海中的声音喜欢拨弄我们基因的琴键。我们和自己说话的方式会影响我们弹奏哪些琴键。加州大学洛杉矶分校的医学教授史蒂夫·科尔一直致力于研究先天基因和后天影响是如何在细胞中相互作用的。他和同事们在大量的研究过程中发现,由喋喋不休引发的慢性威胁会影响基因表达的方式。

科尔和同事们发现,在经受慢性威胁的人群中,一组类似于炎症的基因表现得更为强烈,不管这些感觉是来自孤独感,还是来自应对贫困或疾病诊断的压力。这种情况发生的原因是我们的细胞将慢性心理威胁的体验解读成一种近似于身体受到攻击时发自内心的敌对状态。

随着时间的流逝,当内部对话频繁地激活我们的威胁系统时,后者向我们的细胞发送的信息能够触发炎症基因的表达,这在短期内可以保护我们,长期来看却会造成伤害。同时,执行日常功能的细胞,比如抵御病毒的病原体受到了抑制,这就为疾病和感染病打开了通路。科尔把喋喋不休的这种效应称为“分子层面的死亡”。

是资产还是负担?

了解负面的内在对话对我们的心理、人际关系和身体产生的作用让人深感不安。作为一名专注于该项工作的科学家,我经常忍不住想,它是怎么应用在我自己及我深爱的那些人的生活中的。如果告诉你我每次看到女儿为某事烦恼却毫不担心,那我一定是在撒谎。

然而,如果我环顾周围,就能看到它给予人们希望的例子。我看到学生们从充满自我怀疑且缺乏安全感的新生变成准备为世界做出贡献的自信毕业生。我看到那些面临巨大困难的人找到了与他人连接的方法,并从社交网络中获得了支持。我看到那些长期承受压力的人过上了健康的生活。我的祖母多拉在少女时期住在波兰,为了逃避纳粹的迫害,她在森林里躲了整整一年,那段经历非常可怕。然而,她后来仍然设法在美国度过了更有复原力、更快乐的70年。

这些重要的反例让我重新回顾了关于人类大脑的巨大困惑:脑海中的声音怎么能既是负担又是资产?那些在脑海中闪现的话语可以开解我们,但如果我们知道如何控制它们,那它们也可以促使我们取得有意义的成就……与此同时,人类进化出了内在的声音,也就是能够淹没我们的喋喋不休。我们还共同进化出了能把它变成最强大力量的工具。看看里克·安基尔吧,2007年,他又回到了职业棒球大联盟——不是作为投手,而是作为一名仍然要在成千上万的球迷面前与压力做斗争的外场手。

安基尔后来又在职业棒球大联盟打了7年,他以在外场的摇臂和本垒板上的爆发力而闻名。作为失去了职业机会的投球手,他写道:“在最糟糕的时候,我花了将近5年的时间以近乎强迫症的决心进行抗争,使一位表现最佳的投手转变为再次拥有黄金摇臂的外场手。这一切是如此神奇,如此不可思议。”

更神奇、更加不可思议的是,在退役4年后的2018年,安基尔在一场前职业球员的表演赛中登上了投球区的土墩,这是他在对战勇士队的比赛后,近20年来第一次在公开场合这样做。他面对的是一名击球员,并且将后者三振出局。

现在,我们该开始学习驾驭我们脑海中声音的隐藏技巧了。我们只需看看我教过的最出色的一位学生,她是个来自费城西部的间谍,名叫特蕾西。

为了讲述里克·安基尔的故事,我引用了里克·安基尔thephenomenon:pressure,theyips,andthepitchthatchangedmylife(newyork:publicafairs,2017)一书,以及如下文章里的话:garywaleik,“formermlbhurlerremembers5pitchesthatderailedhiscareer,”onlyagame,wbur,may19,2017,rg/onlyagame/2017/05/19/rick-ankiel-baseball;andrickankiel,“lettertomyyoungerself,”theplayers'tribune,sept.18,2017,/en-us/articles/rick-ankiel-letter-to-myyounger-self-cardinals.

waleik,“formermlbhurlerremembers5pitchesthatderailedhiscareer.”

youtube:https://www.you/watch?time_continue=5&v=kdzx525csvw&feature=emb_title.

baseball-:https://www.baseball-/players/a/ankieri01.shtml.

西恩·贝洛克(sianbeilock)是世界顶尖的研究“压力下的运动表现失手”的专家之一。我借鉴了她在如下著作中的研究:sianl.beilockandrobgray,“whydoathleteschokeunderpressure?,”inhandbookofsportpsychology,3rded.,ed.baumandr.c.eklund(hoboken,nj:johnwileyandsons,2007),425-444.

michaeli.posnerandmaryk.rothbart,“researchonattentionnetworksasamodelfortheintegrationofpsychologicalscience,”annualreviewofpsychology58(2007):1-23.

amandaprahl,“simonebilesmadehistorywithhertripledouble—here'swhatthattermactuallymeans,”popsugar,aug.15,2019,/fitness/whatis-triple-double-in-gymnastics-46501483.alsoseecharlottecaroll,“simonebilesisfirst-everwomantolandtripledoubleincompetitiononfloor,”sportsillustrated,aug.11,2019,/olympics/2019/08/12/simone-biles-first-ever-womanland-triple-double-competition-video.

beilockandgray,“whydoathleteschokeunderpressure?”值得注意的是,该研究非常典型地使用了“崩溃”(dechunked)一词来描述我所指的“断开连接”的过程。

sianbeilock,choke(newyork:little,brown,2011).

adelediamond,“executivefunctions,”annualreviewofpsychology64(2013):135-168.

amitaishenhavetal.,“towardarationalandmechanisticaccountofmentaleffort,”annualreviewofneuroscience40(2017):99-124.

nelsoncowan,“themagicalmysteryfour:howisworkingmemorycapacitylimited,andwhy?,”currentdirectionsinpsychologicalscience19(2010):51-57.

学者们已从多种角度对“固执性认知会损害执行功能发挥”的观点进行了研究。seemichaelw.eysencketal.,“anxietyandcognitiveperformance:attentionalcontroltheory,”emotion7(2007):336-353;hannahr.snyder,“majordepressivedisorderisassociatedwithbroadimpairmentsonneuropsychologicalmeasuresofexecutivefunction:ameta-analysisandreview,”psychologicalbulletin139(2013):81-132;andtimp.moran,“anxietyandworkingmemorycapacity:ameta-analysisandnarrativereview,”psychologicalbulletin142(2016):831-864.

nathanielvonderembseetal.,“testanxietyeffects,predictors,andcorrelates:a30-yearmeta-analyticreview,”journalofafectivedisorders227(2018):483-493.

diannat.kenny,“asystematicreviewoftreatmentsformusicperformanceanxiety,”anxiety,stress,andcoping18(2005):183-208.

alisonwoodbrooksandmauricee.schweitzer,“cannervousnellynegotiate?howanxietycausesnegotiatorstomakelowfirstoffers,exitearly,andearnlessprofit,”organizationalbehaviorandhumandecisionprocesses115(2011):43-54.

bernardrimé,“emotionelicitsthesocialsharingofemotion:theoryandempiricalreview,”emotionreview1(2009):60-85.我也借鉴了以下演讲:bernardrimé,“thesocialsharingofemotion”(lecturedeliveredatcollectiveemotionsincyberspaceconsortium),youtube,publishedmay20,2013,/watch?v=jdckslisfuq.

虽然里姆的研究表明,谈论个人情感的动机是一种跨文化现象,但不同文化分享情感的速度并不相同。seearchanasingh-manouxandcatrinfinkenauer,“culturalvariationsinsocialsharingofemotions:aninterculturalperspectiveonauniversalphenomenon,”journalofcross-culturalpsychology32(2001):647-661.alsoseeheejungs.kim,“socialsharingofemotioninwordsandotherwise,”emotionreview1(2009):92-93.

forreview,seesusannolen-hoeksema,blaire.wisco,andsonjalyubomirsky,“rethinkingrumination,”perspectivesonpsychologicalscience3(2008):400-424;alsoseethomase.joineretal.,“depressionandexcessivereassurance-seeking,”psychologicalinquiry10(1999):269-278;michaelb.gurtman,“depressiveaffectanddisclosuresasfactorsininterpersonalrejection,”cognitivetherapyresearch11(1987):87-99;andjenniferl.schwartzandamandamccombsthomas,“perceptionsofcopingresponsesexhibitedindepressedmalesandfemales,”journalofsocialbehaviorandpersonality10(1995):849-860.

forreviews,seenolen-hoeksema,wisco,andlyubomirsky,“rethinkingrumination”;andlyubomirskyetal.,“thinkingaboutrumination,”annualreviewofclinicalpsychology11(2015):1-22.

有关紧张的社会关系如何导致社交孤立和孤独感的讨论,参见julianneholtlunstad,“whysocialrelationshipsareimportantforphysicalhealth:asystemsapproachtounderstandingandmodifyingriskandperception,”annualreviewofpsychology69(2018):437-458;andjulianneholt-lunstad,timothyb.smith,markbaker,tylerharris,anddavidstephenson,“lonelinessandsocialisolationasriskfactorsformortality:ameta-analyticreview,”perspectivesonpsychologicalscience10(2015):227-237。关于记录孤独和社交孤立的毒性效应的研究,参见johnt.cacioppoandstephaniecacioppo,“thegrowingproblemofloneliness,”thelancet391(2018):426;gregmiller,“whylonelinessishazardoustoyourhealth,”science14(2011):138-140;andaparnashankar,annemcmunn,jamesbanks,andandrewsteptoe,“loneliness,socialisolation,andbehavioralandbiologicalhealthindicatorsinolderadults,”healthpsychology30(2011):377-385。

katiea.mclaughlinandsusannolen-hoeksema,“interpersonalstressgenerationasamechanismlinkingruminationtointernalizingsymptomsinearlyadolescents,”journalofclinicalchildandadolescentpsychology41(2012):584-597.约翰·卡乔波(johncacioppo)和同事们的一项研究进一步凸显了孤独和自我关注之间的相互联系:johnt.cacioppo,hsiyuanchen,andstephaniecacioppo,“reciprocalinfluencesbetweenlonelinessandself-centeredness:across-laggedpanelanalysisinapopulation-basedsampleofafricanamerican,hispanic,andcaucasianadults,”personalityandsocialpsychologybulletin43(2017):1125-1135.

susannolen-hoeksemaandchristopherg.davis,“‘thanksforsharingthat’:ruminatorsandtheirsocialsupportnetworks,”journalofpersonalityandsocialpsychology77(1999):801-814.

thomasf.densonetal.,“understandingimpulsiveaggression:angryruminationandreducedself-controlcapacityaremechanismsunderlyingtheprovocation-aggressionrelationships,”personalityandsocialpsychologybulletin37(2011):850-862;andbradj.bushman,“doesventingangerfeedorextinguishtheflame?catharsis,rumination,distraction,anger,andaggressiveresponding,”personalityandsocialpsychologybulletin28(2002):724-731.

bradj.bushmanetal.,“chewingonitcanchewyouup:effectsofruminationontriggereddisplacedaggression,”journalofpersonalityandsocialpsychology88(2005):969-983.

facebooknewsroom,facebook,/company-info/;andj.clement,“numberofmonthlyactivetwitterusersworldwidefrom1stquarter2010to1stquarter2019(inmillions),”statista,/statistics/282087/number-ofmonthly-active-twitter-users/.

minachoiandcatalinal.toma,“socialsharingthroughinterpersonalmedia:patternsandeffectsonemotionalwell-being,”computersinhumanbehavior36(2014):530-541;andadrianam.manago,tamarataylor,andpatriciam.greenfield,“meandmy400friends:theanatomyofcollegestudents'facebooknetworks,theircommunicationpatterns,andwell-being,”developmentalpsychology48(2012):369-380.

我和同事们进行的一项研究可以作为该原则的案例,我们证明了被动使用脸书(即浏览网页以获取他人信息)会降低幸福感,而积极使用脸书(即在网站上发布信息)则不然。seephilippeverduynetal.,“passivefacebookusageunderminesaffectivewell-being:experimentalandlongitudinalevidence,”journalofexperimentalpsychology:general144(2015):480-488.forreview,seephilippeverduynetal.,“dosocialnetworksitesenhanceorunderminesubjectivewell-being?acriticalreview,”socialissuesandpolicyreview11(2017):274-302.

jamilzaki,thewarforkindness:buildingempathyinafracturedworld(newyork:crown,2019);andfransb.m.dewaalandstephaniepreston,“mammalianempathy:behaviouralmanifestationsandneuralbasis,”naturereviewsneuroscience18(2017):498-509.

rimé,“emotionelicitsthesocialsharingofemotion.”

johnsuler,“theonlinedisinhibitioneffect,”cyberpsychologyandbehavior3(2004):321-326;noamlapidot-leflerandazybarak,“effectsofanonymity,invisibility,andlackofeye-contactontoxiconlinedisinhibition,”computersinhumanbehavior28(2012):434-443;andchristopherterryandjeffcain,“theemergingissueofdigitalempathy,”americanjournalofpharmaceuticaleducation80(2016):58.

committeeonthebiologicalandpsychosocialeffectsofpeervictimization:lessonsforbullyingprevention,nationalacademyofsciencesreport;michelep.hammetal.,“prevalenceandeffectofcyberbullyingonchildrenandyoungpeople,”jamapediatrics,aug.2015;robinm.kowalskietal.,“bullyinginthedigitalage:acriticalreviewandmeta-analysisofcyberbullyingresearchamongyouth,”psychologicalbulletin140(2014):1073-1137;androberttokunaga,“followingyouhomefromschool:acriticalreviewandsynthesisofresearchoncyberbullyingvictimization,”computersinhumanbehavior26(2010):277-287.

情绪通常会在达到最大强度水平后减弱。philippeverduyn,ivenvanmechelen,andfrancistuerlinckx,“therelationbetweeneventprocessingandthedurationofemotionalexperience,”emotion11(2011):20-28;andphilippeverduynetal.,“predictingthedurationofemotionalexperience:twoexperiencesamplingstudies,”emotion9(2009):83-91.

caitlinmclaughlinandjessicavitak,“normevolutionandviolationonfacebook,”newmediaandsociety14(2012):299-315;andemilym.buehler,“‘youshouldn'tusefacebookforthat’:navigatingnormviolationswhileseekingemotionalsupportonfacebook,”socialmediaandsociety3(2017):1-11.

jiyoungparketal.,“whenperceptionsdefyreality:therelationshipsbetweendepressionandactualandperceivedfacebooksocialsupport,”journalofafectivedisorders200(2016):37-44.

关于表现自我在日常生活中所扮演角色的两个经典解释,参见ervinggofman,thepresentationofselfineverydaylife(gardencity,ny:doubleday,1959);andmarkr.learyandrobinm.kowalski,“impressionmanagement:aliteraturereviewandtwo-componentmodel,”psychologicalbulletin107(1990):34-47。

兰迪·扎克伯格(randizuckerberg)在接受《纽约时报》采访时,很好地捕捉到了脸书这方面的特点。记者问她:“你对脸书的什么方面最有负疚感?”“我是个营销者,”她答道,“有时候我几乎无法把它从我的个人生活中移除。有朋友打电话和我说:‘你的生活看起来棒极了。’我告诉他们:‘作为营销大师,我只会发布那些精彩的瞬间。’”susandominus,“randizuckerberg:‘ireallyputmyselfoutthere,’”newyorktimes,nov.1,2013,/2013/11/03/magazine/randi-zuckerberg-i-really-put-myself-out-

amyl.gonzalesandjeffreyt.hancock,“mirror,mirroronmyfacebookwall:effectsofexposuretofacebookonself-esteem,”cyberpsychology,behavior,andsocialnetworking14(2011):79-83.

leonfestinger,“atheoryofsocialcomparisonprocesses,”humanrelations7(1954):117-140;andkatjacorcoran,jancrusius,andthomasmussweiler,“socialcomparison:motives,standards,andmechanisms,”intheoriesinsocialpsychology,ed.dee(oxford:wiley-blackwell,2011),119-139.有时候我们会与他人比较,看看自己在某个特定领域是否具有优势。其他时候,这会让我们(通过与表面上“不如”我们的人进行比较)感觉更好,或者是(通过与表面上“优于”我们的人进行比较)用来辨别我们该怎样改善自己所关心的生活的某些方面。还有证据表明,将自己与他人进行比较是衡量和获取有关自我信息的有效方式。

verduynetal.,“passivefacebookusageunderminesaffectivewell-being.”我们越纠结于自己的生活比别人差,后果就越糟糕。举个恰当的例子:一项针对268名年轻人展开的纵向研究发现,人们越是在脸书上与他人进行消极攀比,反刍就越多,就越会感到沮丧。feinsteinetal.,“negativesocialcomparisononfacebookanddepressivesymptoms,”psychologyofpopularmediaculture2(2013):161-soseemelissag.huntetal.,“nomorefomo:limitingsocialmediadecreaseslonelinessanddepression,”journalofsocialandclinicalpsychology37(2018):751-768;mortentromholt,“thefacebookexperiment:quittingfacebookleadstohigherlevelsofwell-being,”cyberpsychology,behavior,andsocialnetworking19(2016):661-666;r.mosqueraetal.,“theeconomiceffectsoffacebook,”experimentaleconomics(2019);hollyb.shakyaandnicholasa.christakis,“associationoffacebookusewithcompromisedwell-being:alongitudinalstudy,”americanjournalofepidemiology185(2017):203-211;andcesarg.escobar-vieraetal.,“passiveandactivesocialmediauseanddepressivesymptomsamongunitedstatesadults,”cyberpsychology,behavior,andsocialnetworking21(2018):437-443.研究也开始证明,这些发现是怎样泛化到照片墙等其他社交媒体平台上的。elinefrisonandsteveneggermont,“browsing,posting,andlikingoninstagram:thereciprocalrelationshipsbetweendiferenttypesofinstagramuseandadolescents'depressedmood,”cyberpsychology,behavior,andsocialnetworking20(2017):603-609.

嫉妒的负面后果公认已久。然而,嫉妒不全是坏事。少量的嫉妒可以激励我们进行自我提升:jenslange,aaronweidman,andjancrusius,“thepainfuldualityofenvy:evidenceforanintegrativetheoryandameta-analysisontherelationofenvyandschadenfreude,”journalofpersonalityandsocialpsychology114(2018):572-598.

关于我们为什么置社交媒体的负面影响于不顾,还继续使用它的额外理由包括:(1)我们有想要与社区里发生的事情保持同步的渴望,它可能会超越我们在任何既定时刻中关于自我感觉良好的愿望;(2)获得他人反馈的渴望;(3)人们经常会错误地判断使用脸书会带给他们什么样的感觉[也就是说,我们只关注了社交媒体带来的潜在好处,却忽视了(甚至一开始就没意识到)它潜在的危害]。fordiscussion,seeethankrossandsusannahcazaubon,“howdoessocialmediainfluencepeople'semotionallives?,”inapplicationsofsocialpsychology:howsocialpsychologycancontributetothesolutionofreal-worldproblems,eds.j.forgas,williamrano,andklausfiedler(newyork:routledge-psychologypress,2020),250-264.

dianai.tamirandjasonp.mitchell,“disclosinginformationabouttheselfisintrinsicallyrewarding,”proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciencesoftheunitedstatesofamerica109(2012):8038-8043.

geoffmacdonaldandmarkr.leary,“whydoessocialexclusionhurt?therelationshipbetweensocialandphysicalpain,”psychologicalbulletin131(2005):202-223;naomisenberger,matthewd.lieberman,andkiplingd.williams,“doesrejectionhurt?anfmristudyofsocialexclusion,”science302(2003):290-292.

ethankrossetal.,“socialrejectionsharessomatosensoryrepresentationswithphysicalpain,”proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciencesoftheunitedstatesofamerica108(2011):6270-6275.

v/statistics/vital_statistics/2007

naomii.eisenbergerandstevew.cole,“socialneuroscienceandhealth:neurophysiologicalmechanismslinkingsocialtieswithphysicalhealth,”natureneuroscience15(2012):669-674;andgregorymiller,edithchen,andstevew.cole,“healthpsychology:developingbiologicallyplausiblemodelslinkingthesocialworldandphysicalhealth,”annualreviewofpsychology60(2009):501-524.

michelehellebuycketal.,“workplacehealthsurvey,”mentalhealthamerica,rg/sites/default/files/mind%20the%20workplace%20-%20mha%20workplace%20health%20survey%202017%20final.pdf.

固执性认知通常表现为口头反刍和担忧(见引言)的形式。关于固执性认知怎样延长压力反应的解释,参见brosschot,gerin,andthayer,“perseverativecognitionhypothesis”;josf.brosschot,“markersofchronicstress:prolongedphysiologicalactivationand(un)consciousperseverativecognition,”neuroscienceandbiobehavioralreviews35(2010):46-50;andcristinaottavianietal.,“physiologicalconcomitantsofperseverativecognition:asystematicreviewandmeta-analysis,”psychologicalbulletin142(2016):231-259.

andrewsteptoeandmikakivimaki,“stressandcardiovasculardisease,”naturereviewscardiology9(2012):360-370;suzannec.segerstromandgregorye.miller,“psychologicalstressandthehumanimmunesystem:ametaanalyticstudyof30yearsofinquiry,”psychologicalbulletin130(2004):601-630;bruces.mcewen,“brainonstress:howthesocialenvironmentgetsundertheskin,”proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciencesoftheunitedstatesofamerica109(2012):17180-17185;ronaldglaserandjanicekiecolt-glaser,“stress-inducedimmunedysfunction:implicationsforhealth,”naturereviewsimmunology5(2005):243-251;ednamariavissocireiche,sandraodebrechtvargasnunes,andhelenakaminamimorimoto,“stress,depression,theimmunesystem,andcancer,”lancetoncology5(2004):617-625;a.janettomiyama,“stressandobesity,”annualreviewofpsychology70(2019):703-718;andgregorye.milleretal.,“afunctionalgenomicfingerprintofchronicstressinhumans:bluntedglucocorticoidandincreasednf-kbsignaling,”biologicalpsychiatry15(2008):266-272.

julianneholt-lunstad,timothyb.smith,andj.bradleylayton,“socialrelationshipsandmortalityrisk:ameta-analyticreview,”plosmedicine7(2010):e1000316.

susannolen-hoeksemaandedwardr.watkins,“aheuristicfordevelopingtransdiagnosticmodelsofpsychopathology:explainingmultifinalityanddivergenttrajectories,”perspectivesonpsychologicalscience6(2011):589-609;katiea.mclaughlinetal.,“ruminationasatransdiagnosticfactorunderlyingtransitionsbetweeninternalizingsymptomsandaggressivebehaviorinearlyadolescents,”journalofabnormalpsychology123(2014):13-23;edwardr.watkins,“depressiveruminationandco-morbidity:evidenceforbroodingasatransdiagnosticprocess,”journalofrational-emotiveandcognitive-behaviortherapy27(2009):160-75;douglass.menninanddavidm.fresco,“what,meworryandruminateaboutdsm-5andrdoc?theimportanceoftargetingnegativeself-referentialprocessing,”clinicalpsychology:scienceandpractice20(2013):258-267;andbrosschot,“markersofchronicstress.”

在基因表达和演奏乐器之间建立联系时,我援引了以下资料:janeqiu,“unfinishedsymphony,”nature441(2006):143-145;anduniversityoftexashealthsciencecenteratsanantonio,“studygivesclueastohownotesareplayedonthegeneticpiano,”eurekalert!,may12,2011,rg/pub_releases/2011-05/uothsgc051011.php.

stevenw.cole,“socialregulationofhumangeneexpression,”americanjournalofpublichealth103(2013):s84-s92.我还引用了作者在斯坦福大学的演讲:“meng-wulecture”(lecturedeliveredatthecenterforcompassionandaltruismresearchandeducation,nov.12,2013),ccaredu/videos/meng-wu-lecturesteve-cole-ph-d/.

georgem.slavichandmichaelr.irwin,“fromstresstoinflammationandmajordepressivedisorder:asocialsignaltransductiontheoryofdepression,”psychologicalbulletin140(2014):774-815;stevew.coleetal.,“socialregulationofgeneexpressioninhumanleukocytes,”genomebiology8(2007):r189;andgregorye.miller,edithchen,andkarenj.parker,“psychologicalstressinchildhoodandsusceptibilitytothechronicdiseasesofaging:movingtowardsamodelofbehavioralandbiologicalmechanisms,”psychologicalbulletin137(2011):959-997.

喋喋不休还以另一种通过端粒的方式,将触角延伸到我们的dna(脱氧核糖核酸)中。端粒是染色体末端的“小帽子”,它保护dna以不影响我们健康和长寿的方式进行分解。端粒如果过短,就会导致许多与年龄相关的疾病。幸好,我们体内都有一种叫作端粒酶的化学物质,它能够维护端粒的长度。问题是,像皮质醇这样的压力激素会消耗我们体内的该种化学物质,加快端粒变短的速度。2004年,埃利萨·埃佩尔、诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主伊丽莎白·布莱克本及其同事们发表了一项里程碑式的研究。他们探究了十月怀胎期间女性对压力的感受与端粒长度间的关系。不出所料,研究人员发现,女性感到的压力越大——当然,压力是喋喋不休的诱因,而喋喋不休是慢性压力的驱动因素——她们的端粒就越短。更引人注目的是,如果把端粒长度与寿命直接挂钩,压力最大的女性要比压力最小的女性短命10年。elissas.epeletal.,“acceleratedtelomereshorteninginresponsetolifestress,”proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciences101(2004):17312-17315.有关详细的综述,参见elizabethh.blackburnandelissas.epel,thetelomereefect(newyork:grandcentralpublishing,2017)。alsoseeelizabethblackburn,elissas.epel,andjuelin,“humantelomerebiology:acontributoryandinteractivefactorinaging,diseaserisks,andprotection,”science350(2015):1193-1198;andkellye.rentscheretal.,“psychosocialstressorsandtelomerelength:acurrentreviewofthescience,”annualreviewofpublichealth41(2020):223-245.

mattkelly,“thisthirty-nine-year-oldisattemptingacomeback,”,august2,2018,/news/rick-ankiel-to-attempt-comebackc288544452(retrievedfebruary9,2020).

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